grem2 serum concentrations  (R&D Systems)

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: T-cell activation and fibroblastic BMP4-Gremlin dysregulation indicate disease severity in acute myocarditis

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.10.26350598

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A-C) Serum levels of BMP4 (A) , GREM1 (B) and GREM2 (C) in AM patients (n = 103) compared to healthy controls (n = 47). (D) ROC curve for BMP4, GREM1, GREM2 and the GREM2/BMP4 ratio to discriminate AM patients from healthy controls. (E) Multivariable correlation matrix showing the relationship between inflammatory cytokines, components of the BMP4-Gremlin axis and clinical parameters (NT-proBNP, LVEF) in AM patients (F-G). Correlation analyses of GREM2 levels and NT-proBNP (F) and HGF (G) . (A-C, F-G) Dots represent individual patients, (A-C) box and whiskers indicate minimum to maximum values, median, and interquartile range. (E) Bubble size in the lower triangle reflects the magnitude of correlation, bubble size in the upper triangle indicates the magnitude of significance. Bubble colour in the lower triangle denotes positive (red) and negative (blue) correlation, in the upper triangle, colour from blue to yellow represents increasing statistical significance. (F-G) Linear regression lines with 95% confidence interval (grey shading). Statistical analyses were performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for (A-C) and non-parametric Spearman correlation for (E-G) . P-values were corrected for multiple testing using the Benjamini-Hochberg method. AM, acute myocarditis, BMP4, bone morphogenic protein 4, GREM1, Gremlin-1, GREM2, Gremlin-2, ROC, Receiver operating characteristic, AUC, area under the curve, NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction, HGF, hepatocyte-growth factor, IL-2R, interleukin-2 receptor

Article Snippet: GREM2 serum concentrations were detected using the Mouse PRDC/GREM2 DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems).

Techniques: MANN-WHITNEY

Journal: medRxiv

Article Title: T-cell activation and fibroblastic BMP4-Gremlin dysregulation indicate disease severity in acute myocarditis

doi: 10.64898/2026.04.10.26350598

Figure Lengend Snippet: (A) UMAP showing clustering of immuno-clinical phenotypes in patients with AM (n = 103). (B) UMAP illustrating the cohort distribution of AM patients across identified clusters (Cohort 1 n = 79, Cohort 2 n = 24) (C) Variable importance score of clinical and immunological parameters contributing to the discrimination of immuno-clinical phenotypes as determined by random forest analysis. (D) Forest plot displaying direction and magnitude of associations between preselected parameters with immuno-clinical phenotypes, expressed as OR for a 2-fold increase in the respective covariate in a multivariate ridge regression model. (E) Correlation analysis between GREM2 and LVEF, visually stratified by immuno-clinical phenotype. (F) ROC curve for CXCL10, GREM2, LVEF and a combined model incorporating CXCL10, GREM2 and LVEF parameters to distinguish between mild and severe immuno-clinical phenotype. (A-B, E) Dots represent individual patients. (E) Linear regression line with 95% confidence interval (grey shading), bubble size reflects CXCL10 levels, and bubble colour denotes immuno-clinical phenotypes and healthy controls. Statistical analyses were performed using unsupervised spiral clustering for (A-B) , random forest analysis was applied in (C) , multivariate ridge regression in (D) and non-parametric Spearman correlation for (E). P-values were derived from bootstrap resampling in (D) . UMAP, Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection, GREM2, Gremlin-2, LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction, HGF, hepatocyte-growth factor, NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, IL-2R, interleukin-2 receptor, OR, odds ratio, AUC, area under the curve

Article Snippet: GREM2 serum concentrations were detected using the Mouse PRDC/GREM2 DuoSet ELISA (R&D Systems).

Techniques: Derivative Assay